Concerning the problem that videos images captured from coal mines filled with coal dust and mist are often with quality problems such as lots of noise, low resolution and blur. To solve this problem, an enhancement algorithm for fog and dust images in coal mine based on dark channel prior theory and bilateral adaptive filter was proposed. On the basis of dark channel prior, the softmatting process was replaced with the adaptive bilateral filtering to obtain fine transmittance map. Then according to the special circumstances of coal mines, the global atmosphere light and the rough transmittance map were got from new perspective and image denoising was realized on the basis of the image degradation model. The experiment results show that the image processing time for a resolution of 1024×576 is 1.9 s. Compared with He algorithm (HE K, SUN J, TANG X. Single image haze removal using dark channel prior. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2011,33(12):1-13.), the efficiency increased 5 times.Compared with other algorithms such as histogram equalization method, the proposed algorithm is effective to enhance the image detail. In this way, images can be more suitable for human vision as a whole.